The User Access Manager plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Directory Traversal in all versions up to, and including, 2.3.15 via the 'uamgetfile' parameter parameter. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to read the contents of arbitrary files on the server, which can contain sensitive information. This is possible because when attachment_url_to_postid() returns 0 for a traversal

The CubeWP Framework plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Directory Traversal in all versions up to, and including, 1.1.30 via the 'cubewp_get_svg_content' function. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to read the contents of arbitrary files on the server, which can contain sensitive information. This is exploitable by unauthenticated attackers because the required nonce is publi

CVE-2026-18352 是 WordPress 插件 User Access Manager 所有版本（含 2.3.15）中存在的一个目录遍历漏洞。攻击者可通过构造恶意的 'uamgetfile' 参数，在未认证的情况下读取服务器上的任意文件内容，其中可能包含敏感信息。漏洞成因是：当 attachment_url_to_postid() 对遍历路径返回 0 时，插件会回退到攻击者通过有效 'attachment_id' 参数设置的全局文章，从而使得访问检查通过了一个合法的公开附件，而实际流式传输的文件却是攻击者选择的路径。该漏洞的 CVSS 评分为 7.5（高危），攻击向量为网络，攻击复杂度低，无需任何权限或用户交互，影响机密性（高），不影响完整性和可用性。目前没有证据表明该漏洞已被在野利用或已列入 KEV。建议受影响的 WordPress 站点立即将 User Access Manager 插件升级到 2.3.15 之后的修复版本；在无法立即升级的情况下，应限制对相关接口的网络访问，并监控异常的文件读取请求。

CVE-2026-13339 是 WordPress 插件 CubeWP Framework 中存在的一个目录遍历漏洞，影响所有版本直至并包括 1.1.30。漏洞位于 cubewp_get_svg_content 函数中，由于该函数在处理 SVG 文件路径时未对用户输入进行充分的过滤和验证，导致未认证的攻击者可以利用该漏洞读取服务器上的任意文件。攻击者无需登录，因为渲染 CubeWP posts 短代码或小部件（且启用 AJAX 加载）的任意页面都会在 HTML 中公开输出所需的 nonce，任何访客都可以在发送 AJAX 请求前获取该 nonce，进而构造恶意请求触发目录遍历。CVSS 评分为 7.5，攻击向量为网络，攻击复杂度低，无需特权，无需用户交互，影响机密性（高），不影响完整性和可用性。成功利用该漏洞可读取服务器上的敏感文件，例如配置文件、数据库凭据、日志或其他包含敏感信息的文件，可能导致进一步的信息泄露或攻击。目前该漏洞尚未被列入已知被利用漏洞目录（KEV），也没有明确标注在野利用。建议受影响的用户立即将 CubeWP Framework 插件升级到 1.1.31 或更高版本（如果存在修复版本），同时限制对 WordPress 后台及插件的网络暴露，并监控异常的文件读取请求。

Traefik versions >= v3.7.0 and <= v3.7.7 contain a path traversal vulnerability in the Kubernetes Ingress NGINX provider's RewriteTarget middleware (generated from the nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/rewrite-target annotation). When an Ingress path uses a regex that captures attacker-controlled text without requiring a path separator (e.g., path /api(.*) with rewrite target /$1), a crafted request suc

FreeRDP before 3.29.0 fails to properly validate server-supplied RDPDR paths in drive redirection, allowing attackers to access prefix-sibling paths outside the configured shared root. A malicious RDP server can read, write, delete, and enumerate files in sibling directories by sending non-rooted paths that bypass the shared-root boundary check.

Traefik versions >= v3.7.0 and <= v3.7.7 contain a path traversal vulnerability in the Kubernetes Ingress NGINX provider's RewriteTarget middleware (generated from the nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/rewrite-target annotation). When an Ingress path uses a regex that captures attacker-controlled text without requiring a path separator (e.g., path /api(.*) with rewrite target /$1), a crafted request suc

FreeRDP before 3.29.0 fails to properly validate server-supplied RDPDR paths in drive redirection, allowing attackers to access prefix-sibling paths outside the configured shared root. A malicious RDP server can read, write, delete, and enumerate files in sibling directories by sending non-rooted paths that bypass the shared-root boundary check.

FreeRDP before 3.29.0 fails to properly validate server-supplied RDPDR paths in drive redirection, allowing attackers to access prefix-sibling paths outside the configured shared root. A malicious RDP server can read, write, delete, and enumerate files in sibling directories by sending non-rooted paths that bypass the shared-root boundary check.

The Nex Forms – Ultimate Form Builder – Lite plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to arbitrary file deletion via path traversal in versions up to, and including, 9.2.3. This is due to the delete_file() AJAX handler retrieving a file path from the database and passing it directly to unlink() with no validation (no realpath(), basename(), or allowlist check), combined with the insert_record() AJAX han

The Kirki – Freeform Page Builder, Website Builder & Customizer plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Path Traversal (Zip Slip) in all versions up to, and including, 6.0.13 via the extract_zip_file function. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with custom-level access and above, to write arbitrary files on the server, which can allow for remote code execution. The install_app, upda

The Nex Forms – Ultimate Form Builder – Lite plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to arbitrary file deletion via path traversal in versions up to, and including, 9.2.3. This is due to the delete_file() AJAX handler retrieving a file path from the database and passing it directly to unlink() with no validation (no realpath(), basename(), or allowlist check), combined with the insert_record() AJAX han

The Bit integrations – Form Integration, Webhook, Spreadsheets, CRM, LMS & Email Automation plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Directory Traversal in all versions up to, and including, 2.9.0 via the processAttachment function. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to read the contents of arbitrary files on the server, which can contain sensitive information.

CVE-2026-15006 是 WordPress 插件“Bit integrations – Form Integration, Webhook, Spreadsheets, CRM, LMS & Email Automation”中的一个目录遍历漏洞，影响所有版本（包括 2.9.0 及之前版本）。该漏洞存在于 processAttachment 函数中，未authenticated的攻击者可以利用此漏洞读取服务器上的任意文件内容，其中可能包含敏感信息，如配置文件、数据库凭据、密钥等。根据 CVSS 3.1 评分，该漏洞基础分为 7.5，属于高危漏洞，攻击向量为网络，攻击复杂度低，无需任何权限，且无需用户交互，但对机密性有高影响，对完整性和可用性无影响。目前该漏洞尚未被列入 CISA KEV 目录，也没有明确证据表明已在野外被利用。建议受影响的用户立即升级到最新版本或应用官方补丁，同时限制 WordPress 管理后台和相关端点的网络暴露，以降低风险。由于漏洞无需认证即可利用，且可读取敏感文件，应优先处理。

CVE-2026-54785 影响 gemini-bridge 这款轻量级 MCP（Model Context Protocol）服务器，其作用是通过官方 CLI 将 AI 代理连接到 Google 的 Gemini AI 服务。在版本 1.0.0 至 1.3.1 中，inline 模式下的 consult_gemini_with_files 函数在处理 files 参数时，未对用户提供的文件路径进行合理限制，导致攻击者可以指定工作目录之外的任意文件路径。由于该函数会将文件内容发送给 Gemini CLI，并且调用方也能控制查询字符串，文件内容会经过 Gemini 模型往返后被回显给调用方，同时也会上传至 Google 服务器。这意味着任何能够触发该函数（可能通过本地访问或与 MCP 服务交互）的攻击者，即使无需身份验证或特殊权限（CVSS 攻击向量为本地，但权限要求为无），也能读取本地文件系统中的敏感信息，如配置文件、密钥、用户数据等。该漏洞的 CVSS 评分为 6.2，属于中等严重程度，但机密性影响为高。官方已在版本 1.3.1 中修复此问题。建议所有受影响用户立即升级至 1.3.1 或更高版本，并在升级前通过限制 MCP 服务器的访问范围、使用最小权限运行进程、监控 Gemini API 调用等方式降低风险。

### Summary The `subtitlesHandler` endpoint (`GET /api/media/subtitles`) accepts two user-controlled query parameters: `path` and `name`, both of which are used in filesystem operations without sanitization, creating two independent path traversal vectors. The primary vector is the `path` parameter: it is passed directly to `idx.GetRealPath()` without calling `SanitizeUserPath()`, allowing an at

The vulnerability allows remote attackers to read arbitrary files on the server by exploiting improper path validation in the livereload server functionality. This vulnerability is related to the handling of file paths in the livereload server component, which could allow an attacker to traverse directories and access files outside the intended web root directory. The issue was identified and re

### Summary `consult_gemini_with_files` in **inline mode** read any file path supplied in the `files` argument without confining it to the working `directory`, then forwarded the contents to the Gemini CLI. Because the caller also controls `query`, the file contents are echoed back through the Gemini round-trip (and sent to Google), making this an arbitrary local file read. ### Impact An MCP clie

Copier is a library and CLI app for rendering project templates. From 9.5.0 through 9.16.0, percent-encoded parent-directory segments or encoded path separators in a template URL can match a configured trusted repository prefix before an HTTP server or Git transport decodes the path, allowing unsafe template features from a repository outside the trusted prefix to run after user interaction. This

Contao is an Open Source CMS. In versions 5.7.0 through 5.7.6, an authenticated backend user who can access one job can request an attachment identifier containing ../ segments and make the job attachment download endpoint read a file from another job directory inside var/job-attachments. The controller authorizes only the jobUuid route parameter. The later attachment lookup joins that authorized

Thumbor is an open-source photo thumbnail service by globo.com. Prior to 7.8.0, file_loader decodes percent-encoded path segments after its root-boundary validation, allowing traversal outside FILE_LOADER_ROOT_PATH through watermark or frame filter input. This issue is fixed in 7.8.0.

The file_loader performs `unquote()` on the file path AFTER the `abspath() + startswith()` security check. An attacker can use percent-encoded path traversal sequences (`%2e%2e` for `..`) that pass the security check as literal directory names, but are then decoded to actual `..` traversal sequences. ## Affected code `thumbor/loaders/file_loader.py` lines 28-49: ```python async def load(context,

Thumbor is an open-source photo thumbnail service by globo.com. Prior to 7.8.0, file_loader decodes percent-encoded path segments after its root-boundary validation, allowing traversal outside FILE_LOADER_ROOT_PATH through watermark or frame filter input. This issue is fixed in 7.8.0.

### Summary A path-traversal vulnerability in `NKJPCorpusReader` allows an attacker who can influence the `fileids` argument of its public read methods (`header`, `raw`, `words`, `sents`, `tagged_words`) to read files outside the corpus root. The reader builds the file path with no containment check and opens it with the builtin `open()`, so it bypasses NLTK's `nltk.pathsec` sandbox

### Summary `FramenetCorpusReader.frame(name)` interpolates a caller-supplied frame name into an XML file path that is read with the builtin `open()`, bypassing `CorpusReader.open()` and the `nltk.pathsec` sandbox — including strict `ENFORCE=True` mode. A `../` sequence in the name escapes the corpus root, yielding an arbitrary XML file read whose parsed content is returned to the caller. ### De

The security fix for CVE-2025-66518 is incomplete. Any client who can access to Apache Kyuubi Server via Kyuubi frontend protocols can bypass server-side config kyuubi.session.local.dir.allowlist via unprefixed Spark config aliases. This issue affects Apache Kyuubi: from 1.6.0 before 1.12.0. Users are recommended to upgrade to version 1.12.0, which fixes the issue.

Path traversal vulnerability in Apache Zeppelin. When FileSystemNotebookRepo is configured, an authenticated attacker with permission to rename a note, or access to folder operations, could supply traversal segments in note or folder paths.                   Zeppelin composed these values into filesystem paths using the server's filesystem or Hadoop identity without ensuring that the result remain

Path traversal vulnerability in Apache Zeppelin. When FileSystemNotebookRepo is configured, an authenticated attacker with permission to rename a note, or access to folder operations, could supply traversal segments in note or folder paths.                   Zeppelin composed these values into filesystem paths using the server's filesystem or Hadoop identity without ensuring that the result remain

CodeIgniter is a PHP full-stack web framework. Prior to 4.7.4, calling UploadedFile::move() without a second argument uses the client-provided filename without sanitization, allowing a remote attacker to use path traversal sequences to write uploaded content outside the intended directory when the application exposes an upload path. This issue is fixed in version 4.7.4.

ComfyUI is a modular diffusion model GUI, API, and backend with a graph-and-node interface. Prior to 0.28.0, folder_paths.get_annotated_filepath and exists_annotated_filepath join workflow-controlled annotated filenames to a base directory without a containment check, allowing an unauthenticated crafted POST /prompt workflow using LoadImage or sibling nodes to probe arbitrary host paths and exfilt

ComfyUI is a modular diffusion model GUI, api and backend with a graph/nodes interface. Prior to 0.28.0, get_model_preview in app/model_manager.py joins an unrestricted filename route capture to a selected model directory without a containment check, allowing an unauthenticated remote attacker to use traversal, encoded traversal, absolute paths, or an unbounded path_index to read image-decodable f

ComfyUI is a modular diffusion model GUI, API, and backend with a graph-and-node interface. Prior to 0.28.0, folder_paths.get_annotated_filepath and exists_annotated_filepath join workflow-controlled annotated filenames to a base directory without a containment check, allowing an unauthenticated crafted POST /prompt workflow using LoadImage or sibling nodes to probe arbitrary host paths and exfilt

ComfyUI is a modular diffusion model GUI, api and backend with a graph/nodes interface. Prior to 0.28.0, get_model_preview in app/model_manager.py joins an unrestricted filename route capture to a selected model directory without a containment check, allowing an unauthenticated remote attacker to use traversal, encoded traversal, absolute paths, or an unbounded path_index to read image-decodable f

Cloudreve is a self-hosted file management and sharing system. Prior to 4.17.0, the WOPI PUT_RELATIVE handler passes X-WOPI-SuggestedTarget to URI.JoinRaw as a path rather than a filename, allowing slash and dot-dot segments to escape the source file directory and create or conditionally overwrite files elsewhere in the same owner account. This issue is fixed in version 4.17.0.

CodeIgniter is a PHP full-stack web framework. Prior to 4.7.4, calling UploadedFile::move() without a second argument uses the client-provided filename without sanitization, allowing a remote attacker to use path traversal sequences to write uploaded content outside the intended directory when the application exposes an upload path. This issue is fixed in version 4.7.4.

Cloudreve is a self-hosted file management and sharing system. Prior to 4.17.0, the WOPI PUT_RELATIVE handler passes X-WOPI-SuggestedTarget to URI.JoinRaw as a path rather than a filename, allowing slash and dot-dot segments to escape the source file directory and create or conditionally overwrite files elsewhere in the same owner account. This issue is fixed in version 4.17.0.

DriveLock Directory Traversal Information Disclosure Vulnerability. This vulnerability allows remote attackers to disclose sensitive information on affected installations of DriveLock. Authentication is required to exploit this vulnerability. The specific flaw exists within the web service, which listens on TCP port 4568 by default. The issue results from the lack of proper validation of a user-s

DriveLock Directory Traversal Information Disclosure Vulnerability. This vulnerability allows remote attackers to disclose sensitive information on affected installations of DriveLock. Authentication is not required to exploit this vulnerability. The specific flaw exists within the web service, which listens on TCP port 6067 by default. The issue results from the lack of proper validation of a us

DriveLock Directory Traversal Information Disclosure Vulnerability. This vulnerability allows remote attackers to disclose sensitive information on affected installations of DriveLock. Authentication is not required to exploit this vulnerability. The specific flaw exists within the web service, which listens on TCP port 4568 by default. The issue results from the lack of proper validation of a us

DriveLock Directory Traversal Information Disclosure Vulnerability. This vulnerability allows remote attackers to disclose sensitive information on affected installations of DriveLock. Authentication is not required to exploit this vulnerability. The specific flaw exists within the web service, which listens on TCP port 4568 by default. The issue results from the lack of proper validation of a us

Flyto2 Core is an execution kernel for automation and AI-agent workflows. Prior to 2.26.6, image.download and related file-writing modules use caller-controlled output_dir instead of validate_path_with_env_config and its FLYTO_SANDBOX_DIR confinement, allowing attacker-controlled response bytes to be written to arbitrary filesystem paths the process can access. This issue is fixed in version 2.26.

A vulnerability in the `zipx.Unzip` extraction routine of Develar's app-builder allows an attacker to overwrite arbitrary files on macOS APFS by exploiting a Unicode Normalization Collision combined with symlink following behavior. APFS treats certain Unicode equivalent filenames as identical (e.g., ß ↔ ss), while app builder performs no canonical normalization before validating or writing paths.

### Summary Active Record Tenanted's override of Active Storage's `DiskService#path_for` does not validate that the resolved filesystem path remains within the storage root directory. If a blob key containing path traversal sequences (e.g. `../`) is used, it could allow reading, writing, or deleting arbitrary files on the server. Blob keys are expected to be trusted strings, but some applications

Penelope Shell Handler is a post-exploitation shell handler for authorized security testing. Prior to 0.20.0, the Unix download() implementation in penelope.py used tar.extractall(local_download_folder) on tar archives returned by remote sessions without validating member paths, allowing a malicious or compromised session to write files outside the intended download directory and potentially overw

### Summary Penelope versions prior to 0.19.3 extracted tar archives received from remote sessions without validating archive member paths. When using the affected Unix download path, a malicious or compromised remote session could return a crafted tar archive containing path traversal entries, such as `../`, causing files to be written outside the intended download directory on the Penelope oper

Joomla Extension - balbooa.com - Unauthenticated arbitrary file read in Gridbox < 2.20.2 - The photo viewer allows unauthenticated attackers to view arbitrary files.

Joomla Extension - balbooa.com - Unauthenticated recursive directory deletion < 2.20.2 - The generateNewApp method allows actors to recursively delete directories.

An Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal') vulnerability in open-iscsi allows remote MITM attackers  to create root-owned files outside the database and inject lines into the record. This issue affects open-iscsi: from through 668ca1df9c9a1e9bdd5c999ae1d67c9c8909237e.

The wp-media-folder-addon WordPress plugin through 4.1.6 does not validate a user-supplied parameter before using it in a file read operation in two AJAX actions available to unauthenticated users, leading to Arbitrary File Disclosure and Server-Side Request Forgery on sites where a cloud storage connection has been configured. This is an incomplete fix of CVE-2026-9690, whose patch hardened only

goshs is a feature-rich single-binary file server for red teamers and developers. Prior to 2.1.5, the httpserver/updown.go multipart upload handler split part.FileName() on / but did not reject .., allowing an unauthenticated upload with filename .. to create a file outside the served tree. This issue is fixed in version 2.1.5.

Pagy is agnostic pagination in plain Ruby. From 43.0.0 until 43.5.6, Pagy::I18n.locale= in gem/lib/pagy/modules/i18n/i18n.rb stored locale values verbatim and later used them as .yml path components, allowing untrusted params[:locale] values with absolute paths or ../ sequences to create a file existence and readability oracle for YAML files. This issue is fixed in version 43.5.6.

openhole exposes localhost to the internet in one command. In 0.1.1 and earlier, openhole-server in internal/server/public_proxy.go forwarded r.URL.Path instead of preserving the original request target with r.URL.EscapedPath(), allowing percent encoded dot segments %2e and separators %2f to reach tunneled local services as ../ and / for path traversal. This issue is fixed in version 0.1.2.

## Summary `sendFile` derives the served filename from the raw request path while opening the file from the cleaned path, so appending a trailing slash empties the derived name and defeats both the never-serve rule for the ACL file and the block list. ## Finding (Medium): trailing-slash ACL and hidden-file bypass httpserver/handler.go, sendFile (lines 789-801) takes the filename from the RAW r

### Summary `Pagy::I18n.locale=` did not validate its argument before using it as a path component to load the matching dictionary file (`.yml`). An application that assigns untrusted input to the locale — e.g. the common pattern `Pagy::I18n.locale = params[:locale]` — let that input influence which file Pagy attempted to load. ### Details The setter stored the value as-is, and the loader joine

## Summary openhole-server forwarded the URL-decoded request path (`r.URL.Path`) to tunnel clients instead of the original request-target. Percent-encoded dot-segments (`%2e`) and separators (`%2f`) were decoded to `../` and `/` before reaching the local service. Go's ServeMux rejects literal `../` paths, but percent-encoded traversal sequences bypassed this and were delivered to backends as wor

datamodel-code-generator generates Python data models from schema definitions. From 0.59.0 until 0.62.0, XML Schema parsing in src/datamodel_code_generator/parser/xmlschema.py for --input-file-type xmlschema resolves xs:include, xs:import, xs:redefine, and xs:override schemaLocation values outside the input base path, allowing arbitrary local files to be read and reflected into generated models. T

datamodel-code-generator generates Pydantic v2 models, dataclasses, TypedDict, and msgspec.Struct from OpenAPI, JSON Schema, GraphQL, Avro, Protobuf, and raw JSON, YAML, or CSV. Prior to 0.62.0, datamodel-code-generator resolves JSON Schema $ref targets in src/datamodel_code_generator/parser/jsonschema.py through is_url and _get_ref_body without containing file:// or ../ traversal references to th

## Summary The multipart upload filename fix splits on the path separator but never rejects dot-dot, allowing a write outside the served tree. ## Finding (Medium): upload filename escapes the served tree (residual of CVE-2026-35393) The multipart filename fix (updown.go lines 135-136) splits on the path separator but never rejects "..". Uploading with filename=".." results in os.Create against

### Summary `datamodel-code-generator` resolves JSON-Schema `$ref` targets that point at the local filesystem without restricting them to the input/base directory and without honoring the remote-reference security control. In the default configuration, an attacker who controls an input schema (a "paste your OpenAPI/JSON-Schema" service, a CI job that generates models from a submitted spec, or any

IBM Aspera Desktop App 1.0.5 through 1.0.19 IBM Aspera for desktop can allow files to be written outside of the user's selected download destination.

IBM WebSphere Application Server - Liberty 17.0.0.3 through 26.0.0.8 ND Collective Controller is affected by a path-segment injection vulnerability in the collective routing mechanism.

The SpeedyCache plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Arbitrary File Read via Path Traversal in all versions up to, and including, 1.3.8. This is due to a mismatch between CSS URL validation (which allows query strings like `.css?...`) and path resolution (which strips query strings), combined with no validation that the resolved file is actually a CSS file. This makes it possible for authenticate

Bridge is affected by an Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal') vulnerability that could lead to arbitrary file system read. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability to access sensitive files and directories outside the intended access scope. Exploitation of this issue requires user interaction in that a victim must open a malicious file.

### Summary When generating models from an XML Schema (`--input-file-type xmlschema`), `datamodel-code-generator` resolves ``, ``, ``, and `` `schemaLocation` attributes against the source directory and reads the target with no restriction to the input/base directory. An attacker who controls the input XSD can read arbitrary files via `../` traversal or an absolute path, and the included schema's

IBM WebSphere Application Server - Liberty 17.0.0.3 through 26.0.0.8 ND Collective Controller is affected by a path-segment injection vulnerability in the collective routing mechanism.

IBM Aspera Desktop App 1.0.5 through 1.0.19 IBM Aspera for desktop can allow files to be written outside of the user's selected download destination.

`Unarchive` in `pkg/utils/zip.go` joined each archive entry name with the destination directory via `filepath.Join` and wrote the result without checking whether the resolved path stayed under the destination. A zip entry named `../../tmp/evil` therefore landed at `/tmp/evil`. An attacker who could control a `Package.Spec.Source.URL` or `Deployment.URL` archive could induce the fetcher (running

The SpeedyCache plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Arbitrary File Read via Path Traversal in all versions up to, and including, 1.3.8. This is due to a mismatch between CSS URL validation (which allows query strings like `.css?...`) and path resolution (which strips query strings), combined with no validation that the resolved file is actually a CSS file. This makes it possible for authenticate

Bridge is affected by an Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal') vulnerability that could lead to arbitrary file system read. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability to access sensitive files and directories outside the intended access scope. Exploitation of this issue requires user interaction in that a victim must open a malicious file.

TinyWeb through 0.0.8 contains a path traversal vulnerability that allows unauthenticated attackers to read arbitrary files by submitting ../ sequences in the URL path, which are concatenated directly to the configured web root in HttpBuilder::buildResponse() without normalization, dot-segment removal, or boundary checks. Attackers can craft a single request with ../ sequences that pass through th

TinyWeb through 0.0.8 contains a path traversal vulnerability that allows unauthenticated attackers to read arbitrary files by submitting ../ sequences in the URL path, which are concatenated directly to the configured web root in HttpBuilder::buildResponse() without normalization, dot-segment removal, or boundary checks. Attackers can craft a single request with ../ sequences that pass through th

wakaru is a JavaScript decompiler and unminifier toolkit. From 1.0.0 until 1.4.0, @wakaru/cli sanitizes bundle-controlled module filenames only once before writing extracted modules, so a crafted filename containing overlapping traversal sequences such as ....// collapses to ../ after sanitization and lets the final output path escape the selected output directory, allowing an attacker who can cau

Mattermost versions 11.8.x <= 11.8.0, 11.7.x <= 11.7.3, 11.6.x <= 11.6.5, 10.11.x <= 10.11.20 fail to verify file deletion path which allows an admin with SAML system-console write permissions to delete arbitrary files outside the config directory from the server via the remove file endpoint.. Mattermost Advisory ID: MMSA-2026-00666

wakaru is a JavaScript decompiler and unminifier toolkit. From 1.0.0 until 1.4.0, @wakaru/cli sanitizes bundle-controlled module filenames only once before writing extracted modules, so a crafted filename containing overlapping traversal sequences such as ....// collapses to ../ after sanitization and lets the final output path escape the selected output directory, allowing an attacker who can cau

The Better Messages – Chat Rooms, Group Chat, Private Messages & AI Chat Bots plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to arbitrary file deletion due to insufficient file path validation in the delete_sticker function in all versions up to, and including, 2.15.19. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with administrator-level access and above, to delete arbitrary files on the server, which

The Demi – One Click Demo Import, WP Backup & Site Migration plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Arbitrary Directory Deletion in all versions up to, and including, 0.0.7. The vulnerability exists because the plugin stores its HMAC signing key and per-step restore token as dotfiles inside a publicly accessible subdirectory of the WordPress uploads folder — without any `.htaccess` or index file pr

Versions of the package zip-lib before 1.1.0 are vulnerable to Directory Traversal via the caching mechanism for path validation during the extraction process. An attacker can bypass security checks designed to prevent directory traversal. The intended security function, isOutsideTargetFolder, only checks and caches the path status when the initial directory symlink is created during the first ext

Versions of the package zip-lib before 1.1.0 are vulnerable to Directory Traversal via the caching mechanism for path validation during the extraction process. An attacker can bypass security checks designed to prevent directory traversal. The intended security function, isOutsideTargetFolder, only checks and caches the path status when the initial directory symlink is created during the first ext

A parsing issue in the handling of directory paths was addressed with improved path validation. This issue is fixed in iOS 26.6 and iPadOS 26.6, macOS Sequoia 15.7.8, macOS Sonoma 14.8.8, macOS Tahoe 26.6, tvOS 26.6. A malicious app may be able to break out of its sandbox.

A path handling issue was addressed with improved validation. This issue is fixed in macOS Sequoia 15.7.8, macOS Tahoe 26.6. A malicious app may be able to break out of its sandbox.

A path traversal issue was addressed with improved input validation. This issue is fixed in macOS Sequoia 15.7.8, macOS Sonoma 14.8.8, macOS Tahoe 26.6. An app may be able to break out of its sandbox.

A parsing issue in the handling of directory paths was addressed with improved path validation. This issue is fixed in macOS Sequoia 15.7.8, macOS Sonoma 14.8.8, macOS Tahoe 26.6. An app may be able to gain root privileges.

A path handling issue was addressed with improved validation. This issue is fixed in iOS 26.6 and iPadOS 26.6, macOS Sequoia 15.7.8, macOS Sonoma 14.8.8, macOS Tahoe 26.6, tvOS 26.6, visionOS 26.6, watchOS 26.6. An app may be able to gain root privileges.

A path validation weakness in archive extraction/write handling allows entries with traversal sequences to be written outside the intended build artifacts location.

PostCSS takes a CSS file and provides an API to analyze and modify its rules by transforming the rules into an Abstract Syntax Tree. In versions 8.5.11 and prior, the PreviousMap parses the /*# sourceMappingURL=PATH */ comment from any CSS string passed to process() and dereferences PATH against the local filesystem with no scheme, allowlist, or traversal check. An attacker who controls the CSS in

phpMyFAQ before 4.1.6 fails to validate path traversal sequences in the existing_image field during category updates, allowing authenticated attackers to delete arbitrary files by exploiting insufficient sanitization in Image::delete(). Attackers can delete the database.php configuration file to disable the installation gate and access the public setup wizard to create new superadmin accounts.

Administrator Arbitrary File Deletion in Easy Digital Downloads <= 3.6.9 versions.

NitroShare Desktop through 0.3.4 contains a path traversal vulnerability in its LAN file transfer server that allows unauthenticated attackers on the same network to write arbitrary files by sending a crafted filename containing directory traversal sequences in the JSON item header name field. Attackers can exploit the lack of path validation to write files outside the transfer root directory to a

Editor Arbitrary File Deletion in Kirki <= 6.0.13 versions.

Joomla Extension - joomshaper.com - Authenticated arbitrary file delete in SP Page Builder < 6.7.1- Improper path validation and ACL checks lead to a file deletion vector in the media manager.

A vulnerability was determined in ZJONSSON node-unzipper up to 0.12.3. Affected by this vulnerability is the function Extract of the file lib/extract.js. This manipulation causes path traversal. The attack requires local access. The exploit has been publicly disclosed and may be utilized. The project was informed of the problem early through an issue report but has not responded yet.

The Activity zte.com.cn.filer/zte.com.cn.filer.FilePreViewActivity within ZTE File Manager is designed to preview compressed files. Third-party applications can launch this Activity and supply arbitrary file paths (e.g., content://zte.com.cn.filer.fileprovider/root_path), enabling file access with the privilege level of ZTE File Manager. This allows unrooted devices to read files under certain sys

Joomla Extension - phoca.cz - Path Traversal vulnerability in Phoca Commander 1.0.0-6.1.1 - Improper limitation of paths for save and download actions lead to path traversal vulnerabilities.

The Checkout Field Editor for WooCommerce (Pro) plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Directory Traversal in all versions up to, and including, 3.7.7 via the 'thwcfe_legacy_file' parameter. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with subscriber-level access and above, to read the contents of arbitrary files on the server, which can contain sensitive information.

### Summary The `/api/fs/batch_rename` handler validates and authorizes only the requested source directory. It rejects path separators in `new_name`, but it does not validate `src_name`. The handler concatenates `src_dir` and attacker-controlled `src_name`, then passes the result to the filesystem rename layer, where the path is normalized. An authenticated user with rename permission can set `

AI assistance was used to help inspect the code and prepare this report. ## Summary The fix for GHSA-r2wg-2mcr-66rv is incomplete in v0.9.6 and current main. `backend/open_webui/routers/terminals.py` documents `_sanitize_proxy_path()` as decoding until stable, but the implementation stops after 8 `unquote()` passes. A 9x percent-encoded `../...` path parameter remains once-encoded after the loop

## Summary Cloudreve's WOPI `PUT_RELATIVE` handler treats `X-WOPI-SuggestedTarget` as a path, not a filename. It splits the header on `/` and joins the segments onto the source file's directory with `URI.JoinRaw`, which feeds Go's `url.JoinPath`. `url.JoinPath` resolves `.`/`..` segments, so a slash-bearing target such as `a/../../evil.docx` collapses to a location outside the source file's dire

A vulnerability was detected in Ne-Lexa php-zip up to 4.0.2. This affects the function ZipFile::extractTo of the file src/ZipFile.php of the component ZIP Handler. Performing a manipulation of the argument entryName results in path traversal. It is possible to initiate the attack remotely. The exploit is now public and may be used. The project was informed of the problem early through an issue rep

Microweber CMS through 2.0.20 contains a path traversal vulnerability in the static file controller that allows unauthenticated remote attackers to read arbitrary files by supplying directory traversal sequences in the path query parameter. Attackers can send a single unauthenticated HTTP GET request exploiting the failure of normalize_path() to strip traversal sequences, disclosing sensitive file

A security issue was discovered in the Kubernetes Java client library where a compromised pod may be able to create new files in arbitrary locations on the client machine executing copy operations via non-tar copyDirectoryFromPod when enableTarCompressing is false.

h2oGPT through 0.2.1 contains a path traversal vulnerability in the OpenAI-compatible files API that allows unauthenticated remote attackers to read, write, and delete arbitrary files accessible to the server process by supplying traversal sequences in the bearer token. The get_user_dir function in openai_server/backend_utils.py uses the bearer token string unsanitized as a path component via os.p

SoftVC VITS Singing Voice Conversion through commit 730930d contains a path traversal vulnerability in the full-song inference server that allows unauthenticated remote attackers to read and exfiltrate arbitrary files by supplying attacker-controlled filesystem paths through the audio_path field of an unauthenticated POST request to the /wav2wav route. Attackers can pass arbitrary server-side path

Vanna through 2.0.2 contains a path traversal vulnerability in the FileSystemConversationStore persistence integration that allows unauthenticated remote attackers to write attacker-controlled JSON files to arbitrary filesystem locations and read conversation metadata from outside the intended store base directory. Attackers can supply path traversal sequences in the conversation_id parameter subm

Diffusers through 0.39.0, fixed in commit cee298c, contains a path traversal vulnerability in the _get_checkpoint_shard_files function that allows attackers to read arbitrary files by supplying malicious weight_map values in model index JSON. Attackers can use ../ sequences or absolute paths in weight_map entries to escape the model directory and read safetensors files outside the intended locatio

Meshery before 1.0.57 contains an unauthenticated arbitrary file read vulnerability in the /api/system/fileView and /api/system/fileDownload endpoints that pass user-supplied file parameters directly to os.Open without path validation. Attackers can supply absolute paths or traversal sequences in the file parameter to read arbitrary files from the host filesystem without authentication.

Void through 1.3.4 contains a path traversal vulnerability in the AI agent file-reading tools that allows network-adjacent attackers to read arbitrary host files outside the open workspace by injecting instructions into content the agent processes. Attackers can supply absolute paths or file:// URIs through the read_file, ls_dir, get_dir_tree, and search_* tools, which lack workspace confinement a

Office-Word-MCP-Server through 1.1.11 contains a path traversal vulnerability in its document tools that allows attackers who can influence the filename argument to read arbitrary .docx files or create and overwrite .docx files outside the intended working directory. Attackers can supply absolute paths or ../ traversal sequences directly to document open and save operations, bypassing the check_fi

## Summary PostCSS's `PreviousMap` parses the `/*# sourceMappingURL=PATH */` comment from any CSS string passed to `process()` and dereferences `PATH` against the local filesystem with no scheme, allowlist, or traversal check. An attacker who controls the CSS input can cause the host process to read any file readable by Node and leak the first ~10 bytes of its content through the resulting `JSON.

A security flaw has been discovered in boazsegev facil.io up to 0.7.58. This affects the function http_sendfile2 of the file lib/facil/http/http.c of the component Public Folder Handler. Performing a manipulation results in path traversal. Remote exploitation of the attack is possible. The exploit has been released to the public and may be used for attacks. The project was informed of the problem

CVE-2026-16653 是一个影响 boazsegev facil.io 库（版本 0.7.58 及之前）的路径遍历漏洞。facil.io 是一个轻量级的 C 语言网络框架，常用于构建高性能 Web 应用。该漏洞存在于 http_sendfile2 函数中，该函数位于 lib/facil/http/http.c 文件，属于公共文件夹处理器（Public Folder Handler）组件。攻击者可以通过精心构造的请求，在远程利用此漏洞实现路径遍历，从而读取服务器上任意文件，但仅限于读取权限。漏洞的 CVSS 评分为 5.3（中等），攻击向量为网络远程，无需认证，攻击复杂度低，影响机密性（低），但不影响完整性和可用性。根据公开的漏洞描述，该漏洞的利用代码已经公开发布，可能被用于实际攻击。此外，漏洞发现者已通过问题报告渠道通知了项目维护者，但截至目前尚未收到回应或修复。受影响用户应尽快更新到已修复的版本（如果可用），或者限制公共文件夹处理器的网络暴露面，例如通过防火墙规则仅允许信任来源访问。由于利用代码已公开，即使目前尚未观察到大规模在野利用，但利用门槛较低，建议优先处理。

A security flaw has been discovered in boazsegev facil.io up to 0.7.58. This affects the function http_sendfile2 of the file lib/facil/http/http.c of the component Public Folder Handler. Performing a manipulation results in path traversal. Remote exploitation of the attack is possible. The exploit has been released to the public and may be used for attacks. The project was informed of the problem

### Impact LiteLLM Skills archive extraction did not sufficiently validate file paths from uploaded skill ZIP archives. An authenticated user with access to LiteLLM LLM API routes, or a key whose `allowed_routes` includes `/v1/skills`, `anthropic_routes`, or `llm_api_routes`, could upload a crafted skill archive containing path traversal entries. When the skill was processed for execution, those

## Impact The component `@n8n/computer-use` file-search tool confined searches to a configured base directory. A crafted search pattern could bypass the confinement check and expand to locations outside that directory, causing the tool to return the names and contents of files anywhere the daemon's OS user could read. Any deployment where an actor could influence the tool's search input was affec

## Impact Authenticated n8n users with workflow create/execute rights could use the Git node's fetch, pull, or push-tags operations to bypass the repository-path containment checks that already protected clone and push. By pointing an allowlisted remote configuration value at a local path outside the intended sandbox, an attacker could pull an arbitrary local git repository into the workspace and

In Progress® Telerik® UI for AJAX prior to v2026.2.708, a path traversal vulnerability in the file-based persistence storage provider can be exploited when the storage key is derived from user-controlled input, enabling attacker-controlled deserialization and remote code execution.

Traefik versions = v3.6.0 = v3.7.0 <= v3.7.6 contain an authentication bypass via path traversal in the ReplacePathRegex middleware. When ReplacePathRegex is configured with a regex that captures user-controlled path segments without a mandatory path separator (e.g. regex "^/api(.*)", replacement "/$1"), the middleware forwards the replaced path to the backend without validating that it matches it

A flaw was found in the Ansible Lightspeed Model Context Protocol (MCP) server. This vulnerability, known as path traversal, allows an attacker to manipulate an AI agent through indirect prompt injection. By doing so, the attacker can cause the server to write files to unauthorized locations on the user's system. This can result in the exposure of sensitive host information and enable the attacker

Traefik versions = v3.6.0 = v3.7.0 <= v3.7.6 contain an authentication bypass via path traversal in the ReplacePathRegex middleware. When ReplacePathRegex is configured with a regex that captures user-controlled path segments without a mandatory path separator (e.g. regex "^/api(.*)", replacement "/$1"), the middleware forwards the replaced path to the backend without validating that it matches it

A vulnerability in the Veeam Updater component of the Veeam Software Appliance that could allow a local user to elevate their privileges and gain root-level access to the underlying operating system.

A vulnerability in the Veeam Updater component of the Veeam Software Appliance that could allow a local user to elevate their privileges and gain root-level access to the underlying operating system.

The AMMOS Instrument Toolkit (Formerly the Bespoke Links to Instruments for Surface and Space (BLISS)) is a Python-based software suite developed to handle Ground Data System (GDS), Electronic Ground Support Equipment (EGSE), commanding, telemetry uplink/downlink, and sequencing for instrument and CubeSat Missions. In versions prior to 2.6.1 and in version 3.1.0, the Binary Stream Capture (BSC) co

The AMMOS Instrument Toolkit (Formerly the Bespoke Links to Instruments for Surface and Space (BLISS)) is a Python-based software suite developed to handle Ground Data System (GDS), Electronic Ground Support Equipment (EGSE), commanding, telemetry uplink/downlink, and sequencing for instrument and CubeSat Missions. In versions prior to 2.6.1 and in version 3.1.0, the Binary Stream Capture (BSC) co

Directory traversal vulnerability in knowns-dev/knowns 0.11.4 via crafted path value to the get_doc and update_doc tools.

Directory Traversal vulnerability in DayuanJiang next-ai-draw-io 0.4.13 allowsa remote attacker to execute arbitrary code via the nex-ai-draw-io/mcp-server

Directory traversal vulnerability in knowns-dev/knowns 0.11.4 via crafted folder name value to the create_doc tool.

An authenticated path traversal vulnerability exists in AOS-CX. Successful exploitation of this vulnerability allows an attacker to copy arbitrary files to a user readable location from the command line interface of the underlying operating system, which could lead to remote code execution.

Rattler is a library that provides common functionality used within the conda ecosystem. Prior to version 0.43.2, `EntryPoint::FromStr` in `rattler_conda_types` performs only `.trim()` on the `command` field before the linker joins it onto the install prefix and writes an executable Python script. A malicious `noarch:python` package can ship an `info/link.json` with an entry-point name containing

PraisonAI is a multi-agent teams system. Prior to version 4.6.40, hidden metadata in a webpage causes PraisonAI agents to write attacker-controlled content to arbitrary paths. `write_file` skips path validation when `workspace=None` (always `None` in production). Version 4.6.40 fixes the issue.

A crafted message in the BuildKit low-level build API can be used to remove the contents of the /tmp directory. The action that can normally be used to delete files inside the build container rootfs can escape into the real host temp directory.

A custom client can produce such an upload request to the BuildKit daemon that files can escape from the BuildKit-controlled state directory. The client needs to have valid permissions to access the BuildKit control API to issue builds, e.g., bypass authentication, etc.

In Progress ShareFile Storage Zones Controller versions prior to 5.12.5 and 6.0.2, an authenticated administrative user can exploit a path traversal vulnerability to read arbitrary files from the server filesystem, write files to arbitrary directories, or determine whether specific files exist on the server.

Home Assistant Core before 2026.6.0 contains a path traversal vulnerability that allows unauthenticated attackers to write arbitrary files to any directory on the host filesystem by uploading a crafted backup archive during the initial onboarding window. Attackers can manipulate the 'name' field inside the uploaded archive's backup.json to supply an absolute path, causing pathlib.Path.__truediv__

Home Assistant Core before 2026.7.0 contains a path traversal vulnerability in the backup-restore function that allows attackers to write files to arbitrary absolute filesystem paths by supplying a crafted tar archive with a SYMTYPE entry containing a benign member name paired with an absolute linkname pointing outside the extraction directory. Because the official Docker image runs the Home Assis

PraisonAI is a multi-agent teams system. Prior to version 4.6.40, the fix for GHSA-9mqq-jqxf-grvw / CVE-2026-44336 is incomplete. The original advisory description named four vulnerable handlers in `mcp_server/adapters/cli_tools.py`. Commit `68cc9427` ("fix(security): harden MCP rules path handling…") added a `_resolve_rule_path()` helper and applied it to `rules.create`, `rules.show`, and `rules.

Sparkle is a software update framework for macOS. Prior to version 2.9.2, `Autoupdate/SUBinaryDeltaApply.m` enforces `relativePath.pathComponents containsObject:@".."` and rejects writes whose immediate parent directory IS itself a symbolic link, but does not detect symlinks deeper in the relative path. `Autoupdate/SPUSparkleDeltaArchive.m`'s `extractItem:` will create symlinks in the destination

The Bit Form WordPress plugin before 3.1.0 does not restrict a form file-field value to a safe path before reading the file and attaching it to a notification email, allowing unauthenticated attackers to read arbitrary server files such as the WordPress configuration file.

Shamefile is a linter for undocumented linter warnings. Prior to version 0.1.7, a path traversal vulnerability in `shame next` allows an attacker-controlled `shamefile.yaml` to disclose contents of files outside the repository, one line at a time, to the terminal of a user who runs the command. See patch commit for technical details. The issue is fixed in 0.1.7. Upgrade to either 0.1.7 or later ve

## Summary The fix for `GHSA-gxjx-7m74-hcq8` / `CVE-2026-54093` (shipped in v2.63.6) added a `strings.ReplaceAll(nameInArchive, "\\", "/")` step to the archive builder; this was the advisory's recommended "Primary Fix." On a Linux host a backslash is a legal, non-separator filename character, so replacing it with the real POSIX separator `/` **manufactures** a `/`-delimited traversal sequence out

## Summary A Composer package declares its executables in the `bin` field of its `composer.json`. When Composer installs a package, it processes each `bin` entry and changes the file mode of the corresponding file so it is executable. If a `bin` entry contains `..` path segments, it can resolve to a path outside the package's own install directory. A malicious package can use this to make Compos

### Summary A path traversal issue exists in mistune's `Include` directive when markdown files are processed using `md.read()`. A crafted include path can cause files outside the intended markdown directory to be accessed. ### Details The issue occurs in the `Include.parse()` method where user-supplied paths are joined and normalized without verifying that the resulting path remains within an e

Path traversal on Windows in Apache MINA SSHD component sshd-git. Apache MINA SSHD is a Java library for client-side and server-side SSH. A git server implemented with Apache MINA SSHD component sshd-git and running on Windows could allow an authenticated remote user access to git repositories outside of the configured server-side root directory. The path validation applied for CVE-2026-48827

Path traversal in the sshd-scp component of Apache MINA SSHD. Apache MINA SSHD is a Java library for client-side and server-side SSH. The implementation of receiving files or directories via SCP did not validate filenames in SCP "C" or "D" commands. A malicious sender could send filenames containing paths, resulting in files to be written in attacker-controlled places. The issue affects on

Path traversal on Windows in Apache MINA SSHD component sshd-git. Apache MINA SSHD is a Java library for client-side and server-side SSH. A git server implemented with Apache MINA SSHD component sshd-git and running on Windows could allow an authenticated remote user access to git repositories outside of the configured server-side root directory. The path validation applied for CVE-2026-48827

Path traversal in the sshd-scp component of Apache MINA SSHD. Apache MINA SSHD is a Java library for client-side and server-side SSH. The implementation of receiving files or directories via SCP did not validate filenames in SCP "C" or "D" commands. A malicious sender could send filenames containing paths, resulting in files to be written in attacker-controlled places. The issue affects on

FreeScout is a free help desk and shared inbox built with PHP's Laravel framework. FreeScout's `Manage -> Logs -> App Logs` feature uses the bundled `rap2hpoutre/laravel-log-viewer` override to decrypt a user-supplied file identifier and then pass the resolved path to Laravel's download response. Prior to version 1.8.224, the path resolution logic accepts any existing absolute path before applying

The Joomla extension Quix Page Builder Pro is vulnerable to a unauthenticated path traversal via form elements. Unauthenticated users frontend users are allowed traversal paths and read arbitrary files. Requires a published page with a Form element.

Network-AI is a TypeScript/Node.js multi-agent orchestrator. Prior to version 5.12.2, `EnvironmentManager.listBackups()` reads each backup's `_manifest.json` and trusts the manifest's `path` field. `EnvironmentManager.pruneBackups()` later passes that trusted `entry.path` directly to `rmSync(entry.path, { recursive: true, force: true })`. An attacker who can place or modify a manifest inside `data

Network-AI is a TypeScript/Node.js multi-agent orchestrator. Prior to version 5.12.2, `AgentRuntime` promises scoped file access under a configured sandbox `basePath`, but its path containment checks use raw string prefix tests. A sandbox base such as `/tmp/network-ai-sandbox` also matches a sibling path such as `/tmp/network-ai-sandbox_evil/secret.txt`. An agent/user that can call `AgentRuntime.r

Network-AI is a TypeScript/Node.js multi-agent orchestrator. Prior to version 5.12.2, `EnvironmentManager.backup()` recursively collects files using `_collectBackupFiles()`. `_collectBackupFiles()` uses `statSync(full)`, which follows symlinks. If `data/` contains a symlink to a directory outside the environment root, backup recursion follows the symlink and copies external files into `data//.back

Network-AI is a TypeScript/Node.js multi-agent orchestrator. Prior to version 5.12.2, `EnvironmentManager.restore(env, backupId)` computes the backup path with `join(envDir, '.backups', backupId)` and only checks that this path exists. It does not resolve the result or verify that it remains under `data//.backups`. A caller can pass a traversal backup ID such as `../../../outside/source-dir` to re

WhatsApp MCP Server is a Model Context Protocol (MCP) server for WhatsApp, enabling Claude to read and send WhatsApp messages. Prior to version 0.2.1, the `whatsapp-bridge` HTTP API listens on `127.0.0.1:8080` without authentication and without Host header validation, and the `/api/send` endpoint accepts an absolute `media_path` parameter without confining it to a safe directory. Combined, these i

dataCycle is a data management system for centrally storing, managing, searching, finding, and distributing data. In dataCycle-CORE, the module handling core processing and framework rules, before and including version 25.07.3, the documentation and static markdown renderer accepts attacker-controlled path segments and only runs them through the Rails HTML sanitizer, which does not remove director

WhatsApp MCP Server is a Model Context Protocol (MCP) server for WhatsApp, enabling Claude to read and send WhatsApp messages. Prior to version 0.2.1, the `whatsapp-bridge` HTTP API listens on `127.0.0.1:8080` without authentication and without Host header validation, and the `/api/send` endpoint accepts an absolute `media_path` parameter without confining it to a safe directory. Combined, these i

Network-AI is a TypeScript/Node.js multi-agent orchestrator. Prior to version 5.12.2, `EnvironmentManager.listBackups()` reads each backup's `_manifest.json` and trusts the manifest's `path` field. `EnvironmentManager.pruneBackups()` later passes that trusted `entry.path` directly to `rmSync(entry.path, { recursive: true, force: true })`. An attacker who can place or modify a manifest inside `data

Network-AI is a TypeScript/Node.js multi-agent orchestrator. Prior to version 5.12.2, `AgentRuntime` promises scoped file access under a configured sandbox `basePath`, but its path containment checks use raw string prefix tests. A sandbox base such as `/tmp/network-ai-sandbox` also matches a sibling path such as `/tmp/network-ai-sandbox_evil/secret.txt`. An agent/user that can call `AgentRuntime.r

Network-AI is a TypeScript/Node.js multi-agent orchestrator. Prior to version 5.12.2, `EnvironmentManager.backup()` recursively collects files using `_collectBackupFiles()`. `_collectBackupFiles()` uses `statSync(full)`, which follows symlinks. If `data/` contains a symlink to a directory outside the environment root, backup recursion follows the symlink and copies external files into `data//.back

Network-AI is a TypeScript/Node.js multi-agent orchestrator. Prior to version 5.12.2, `EnvironmentManager.restore(env, backupId)` computes the backup path with `join(envDir, '.backups', backupId)` and only checks that this path exists. It does not resolve the result or verify that it remains under `data//.backups`. A caller can pass a traversal backup ID such as `../../../outside/source-dir` to re

Rust OneNote File Parser is a parser for Microsoft OneNote files implemented in Rust. Prior to version 1.1.1, a maliciously crafted `.onetoc2` table-of-contents file can cause `Parser::parse_notebook` to open arbitrary files on the host filesystem outside the notebook's directory. The parser reads entry names listed inside the `.onetoc2` and joins them against the notebook's base directory without

Mailpit is an email testing tool and API for developers. Prior to version 1.30.0, the mailpit dump --http sub-command downloads every message from a remote Mailpit instance and writes each one as .eml inside the user-supplied output directory. The message ID field is taken verbatim from the JSON response of the remote server and concatenated into the output path with path.Join, which silently no

Rust OneNote File Parser is a parser for Microsoft OneNote files implemented in Rust. Prior to version 1.1.1, a maliciously crafted `.onetoc2` table-of-contents file can cause `Parser::parse_notebook` to open arbitrary files on the host filesystem outside the notebook's directory. The parser reads entry names listed inside the `.onetoc2` and joins them against the notebook's base directory without

FileBrowser Quantum is a free, self-hosted, web-based file manager. Prior to version 1.4.3-beta, the `subtitlesHandler` endpoint (`GET /api/media/subtitles`) accepts two user-controlled query parameters: `path` and `name`, both of which are used in filesystem operations without sanitization, creating two independent path traversal vectors. The primary vector is the `path` parameter: it is passed d

A path traversal vulnerability was found in pulpcore. The relative_path_validator function only verifies that content paths do not begin with "/" but fails to block directory traversal sequences such as "../" anywhere in the path. An authenticated administrator can craft a relative_path containing embedded traversal sequences (e.g., "looking/normal/../../../../etc/shadow") that escapes the intende

Mailpit is an email testing tool and API for developers. Prior to version 1.30.0, the mailpit dump --http sub-command downloads every message from a remote Mailpit instance and writes each one as .eml inside the user-supplied output directory. The message ID field is taken verbatim from the JSON response of the remote server and concatenated into the output path with path.Join, which silently no

FileBrowser Quantum is a free, self-hosted, web-based file manager. Prior to version 1.4.3-beta, the `subtitlesHandler` endpoint (`GET /api/media/subtitles`) accepts two user-controlled query parameters: `path` and `name`, both of which are used in filesystem operations without sanitization, creating two independent path traversal vectors. The primary vector is the `path` parameter: it is passed d

SurrealDB before 3.1.5 contains an arbitrary file read vulnerability in the DEFINE ANALYZER mapper filter that allows database users with EDITOR or OWNER roles to read files accessible to the SurrealDB process. Attackers can specify arbitrary file paths in the mapper filter and retrieve file contents through query error messages when the SURREAL_FILE_ALLOWLIST is empty or not configured.

The All-in-One WP Migration and Backup WordPress plugin before 7.106 does not properly sanitise a user-supplied value before using it to build a file path, allowing unauthenticated attackers to create or append a log file in arbitrary locations outside its intended storage directory.

A flaw has been found in Croogo CMS up to 4.0.7. This affects the function FileManager::isEditable of the file FileManager/src/Utility/FileManager.php of the component Admin File Manager. This manipulation causes path traversal. The attack can be initiated remotely. The exploit has been published and may be used. The project was informed of the problem early through an issue report but has not res

A flaw has been found in Croogo CMS up to 4.0.7. This affects the function FileManager::isEditable of the file FileManager/src/Utility/FileManager.php of the component Admin File Manager. This manipulation causes path traversal. The attack can be initiated remotely. The exploit has been published and may be used. The project was informed of the problem early through an issue report but has not res

CVE-2026-48049 是 hapi.js 生态中静态文件服务模块 @hapi/inert 的一个路径遍历漏洞，影响版本 4.0.0 至 7.1.0（不含 7.1.1 修复版本）。该模块的 directory 和 file 处理器通过 confine 选项限制文件访问范围，但实现中仅采用字符串前缀匹配来验证解析后的绝对路径是否位于 confine 目录下。例如，若 confine 设置为 /app/static，攻击者可通过路径遍历序列如 /..%2fstatic-secret/secret.txt 绕过检查，访问 /app/static-secret 等相邻目录中的任意文件。由于路径归一化发生在字符串比较之后，且未严格验证目标目录是 confine 的子目录，导致隔离失效。攻击者无需身份认证即可远程利用此漏洞读取服务器上非预期文件，造成信息泄露。CVSS 评分为 5.3（中等），攻击向量为网络、低复杂度、无权限要求。官方已在版本 7.1.1 中修复，通过改进路径比对逻辑确保目标路径严格位于 confine 目录之下。建议所有用户立即升级至 7.1.1 或更高版本，并审查暴露的静态文件目录配置，避免包含敏感数据。

IBM Langflow OSS 1.0.0 through 1.10.0 Langflow could allow an attacker to write arbitrary files to unintended locations due to improper input validation in the APIRequest component. A path traversal vulnerability exists when the "Save to File" feature is enabled, where filenames extracted from HTTP response Content-Disposition headers are not sanitized before being joined to the temporary director

IBM Langflow OSS 1.0.0 through 1.10.0 allows an authenticated attacker to create a malicious flow pointing to an attacker-controlled URL that returns a specially crafted Content-Disposition header (e.g., filename="../../../target/path" ), enabling arbitrary file write operations with attacker-controlled content to any path accessible by the Langflow process.

IBM Langflow OSS 1.0.0 through 1.10.0 allows an authenticated attacker to read arbitrary files including the JWT signing key and forge authentication tokens for any user.

Path Traversal in proot-distro copy — Arbitrary Read, Write, and Persistent Code Execution Outside Container Rootfs Repository https://github.com/termux/proot-distro Maintainer: @sylirre Affected Component Package: proot-distro Affected command: copy Attack surface: Host-side Termux CLI — this is not a guest distro shell issue Vulnerability type: Path Traversal (CWE-22) Affected Versions Comp

IBM Langflow OSS 1.0.0 through 1.10.0 Langflow could allow an attacker to write arbitrary files to unintended locations due to improper input validation in the APIRequest component. A path traversal vulnerability exists when the "Save to File" feature is enabled, where filenames extracted from HTTP response Content-Disposition headers are not sanitized before being joined to the temporary director

IBM Langflow OSS 1.0.0 through 1.10.0 allows an authenticated attacker to read arbitrary files including the JWT signing key and forge authentication tokens for any user.

IBM Langflow OSS 1.0.0 through 1.10.0 allows an authenticated attacker to create a malicious flow pointing to an attacker-controlled URL that returns a specially crafted Content-Disposition header (e.g., filename="../../../target/path" ), enabling arbitrary file write operations with attacker-controlled content to any path accessible by the Langflow process.

oras-go is a Go library for managing OCI artifacts. Prior to 2.6.2, ensureLinkPath in content/file/utils.go:262-275 validates a hardlink target relative to the extract base but returns the unresolved target, causing os.Link("victim.secret", "/payload.tar.gz/evil_cwd_link") to resolve header.Linkname against the process current working directory for a Typeflag=TypeLink entry such as Name=payload.ta

## Summary Prompty loaders expanded `${file:...}` references in `.prompty` frontmatter without enforcing that the resolved path stayed within an authorized directory. An attacker-controlled prompt file could use path traversal or an absolute path to cause the host application to read files accessible to the process. ## Affected packages - PyPI `prompty` versions `<= 2.0.0b1`; fixed in `2.0.0b2` -

### Impact `context_import` passed the caller-supplied `filePath` directly to `fs.readFileSync` with no path confinement. A malicious MCP client — or an LLM agent that is prompt-injected into calling the tool — could point `filePath` at **any file readable by the server process**, outside any session or export directory: - **Full disclosure (JSON files):** a valid-JSON target (e.g. another user'

AsyncSSH is a Python package which provides an asynchronous client and server implementation of the SSHv2 protocol on top of the Python asyncio framework. Prior to 2.23.0, AsyncSSH expands the OpenSSH-compatible AuthorizedKeysFile %u token in asyncssh/config.py, asyncssh/connection.py, asyncssh/auth_keys.py, and asyncssh/misc.py with the raw SSH username during pre-authentication server config rel

AsyncSSH is a Python package which provides an asynchronous client and server implementation of the SSHv2 protocol on top of the Python asyncio framework. Prior to 2.23.0, AsyncSSH expands the OpenSSH-compatible AuthorizedKeysFile %u token in asyncssh/config.py, asyncssh/connection.py, asyncssh/auth_keys.py, and asyncssh/misc.py with the raw SSH username during pre-authentication server config rel

A path traversal vulnerability was identified in GitHub Enterprise Server that allowed an attacker who had code execution inside the Dependabot updater container to write files to arbitrary repository paths, including GitHub Actions workflow files under .github/workflows/ as the path validation did not check the effective path which the attacker could control through the dependency file's director

The Kirki – Freeform Page Builder, Website Builder & Customizer plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Directory Traversal in all versions up to, and including, 6.0.13 via the 'family' parameter. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with editor-level access and above, to delete arbitrary directories on the server, which can result in loss of data and availability.

The Ninja Forms - Excel Export plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Directory Traversal in all versions up to, and including, 3.3.6 via the 'spreadsheet_export_tmp_name' parameter. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with subscriber-level access and above, to write .xls/.xlsx files to arbitrary locations on the server, which can be used to stage further attacks.

OpenClaw before 2026.5.18 contain an authorization bypass vulnerability in exec allowlist glob matching that allows lower-trust callers to execute actions beyond intended authorization. Attackers can craft input paths that traverse the allowlist glob patterns to execute or persist unauthorized actions when the affected feature is enabled.

OpenClaw before 2026.5.18 contain an authorization bypass vulnerability in exec allowlist glob matching that allows lower-trust callers to execute actions beyond intended authorization. Attackers can craft input paths that traverse the allowlist glob patterns to execute or persist unauthorized actions when the affected feature is enabled.

Wazuh is a free and open source platform used for threat prevention, detection, and response. In versions 4.0.0 through 4.10.3 and 4.11.0 through 4.14.4, a logic flaw affects the Wazuh Manager's enrollment daemon (authd) and synchronization daemon (remoted). The authd process allows agents to select a group during enrollment but does not filter path traversal sequences such as "..." While the mana

OpenClaw before 2026.5.18 contain an authorization bypass vulnerability in exec allowlist glob matching that allows lower-trust callers to execute actions beyond intended authorization. Attackers can craft input paths that traverse the allowlist glob patterns to execute or persist unauthorized actions when the affected feature is enabled.

Wazuh is a free and open source platform used for threat prevention, detection, and response. In versions 4.0.0 through 4.10.3 and 4.11.0 through 4.14.4, a logic flaw affects the Wazuh Manager's enrollment daemon (authd) and synchronization daemon (remoted). The authd process allows agents to select a group during enrollment but does not filter path traversal sequences such as "..." While the mana

Kirby is an open-source content management system. In versions 5.3.0 and above but prior to 5.4.1, Kirby did not correctly validate the provided user ID, resulting in a path traversal vulnerability. Version 5.3.0 introduced a performance improvement to the Users collection that loaded user objects lazily when first needed. Users were queried by their ID, which was then used to locate the correspon

Kirby is an open-source content management system. In versions 5.3.0 and above but prior to 5.4.1, Kirby did not correctly validate the provided user ID, resulting in a path traversal vulnerability. Version 5.3.0 introduced a performance improvement to the Users collection that loaded user objects lazily when first needed. Users were queried by their ID, which was then used to locate the correspon

Docling Core defines core data types and transformations for the document processing application Docling. In versions 1.5.0 and above, prior to 2.74.1, docling-core did not sufficiently restrict remote request destinations and could resolve a server-provided Content-Disposition to a local path in an unsafe manner. In applications that accept untrusted URLs, this could allow SSRF attacks targeting

Directory traversal vulnerability in Kerlink Kerlink Wirnet iStation 868 KerOS v.4.3.3_20200803132042 allows a remote attacker to obtain sensitive information via the SNMP update mechanism.

Docling Core defines core data types and transformations for the document processing application Docling. In versions 1.5.0 and above, prior to 2.74.1, docling-core did not sufficiently restrict remote request destinations and could resolve a server-provided Content-Disposition to a local path in an unsafe manner. In applications that accept untrusted URLs, this could allow SSRF attacks targeting

Whistle is an HTTP, HTTP2, HTTPS, and WebSocket debugging proxy. Prior to 2.10.3, lib/service/service.js handles GET /cgi-bin/temp/get by reading req.query.filename, joining it to TEMP_FILES_PATH only when it matches the temporary file pattern, and otherwise passing the user-supplied filename directly to getFile, allowing a remote attacker to read arbitrary files such as /etc/passwd. This issue is

### Impact The SQL `IMPORT DATABASE` statement did not require administrative privileges and passed its source URL to the importer without validation. Any authenticated user with SQL command access (not only `root`/administrators) could therefore: - **Server-Side Request Forgery (CWE-918):** cause the server to issue HTTP(S) requests to arbitrary destinations, including cloud metadata endpoints

## Summary Nuclio Dashboard exposes `POST /api/functions` without authentication by default (NOP auth mode). The `spec.handler` field (e.g., `mymodule:myfunction`) is parsed by `functionconfig.ParseHandler()` which splits on `:` only — no path validation is applied to the module portion. During function build, `writeFunctionSourceCodeToTempFile()` passes the module name directly to `path.Join(te

Activepieces is an open source AI workflow automation platform. Prior to 0.82.0, the git-sync feature clones a user-configured Git repository into a temporary directory on the server and then writes flow, table, and connection state into it before pushing back, and two separate weaknesses allowed those writes to escape the intended workspace and land on arbitrary paths on the host filesystem: Git'

PyMdown Extensions is a set of extensions for the Python-Markdown markdown project. From 10.0.1 until 10.21.3, pymdownx.snippets uses a string-prefix containment check in SnippetPreprocessor.get_snippet_path() in pymdownx/snippets.py when `restrict_base_path: True`, allowing markdown snippet directives to read files from sibling paths that share the same base_path prefix, such as docs and docs_int

Whistle is an HTTP, HTTP2, HTTPS, and WebSocket debugging proxy. Prior to 2.10.3, lib/service/service.js handles GET /cgi-bin/temp/get by reading req.query.filename, joining it to TEMP_FILES_PATH only when it matches the temporary file pattern, and otherwise passing the user-supplied filename directly to getFile, allowing a remote attacker to read arbitrary files such as /etc/passwd. This issue is

Activepieces is an open source AI workflow automation platform. Prior to 0.82.0, the git-sync feature clones a user-configured Git repository into a temporary directory on the server and then writes flow, table, and connection state into it before pushing back, and two separate weaknesses allowed those writes to escape the intended workspace and land on arbitrary paths on the host filesystem: Git'

PyMdown Extensions is a set of extensions for the Python-Markdown markdown project. From 10.0.1 until 10.21.3, pymdownx.snippets uses a string-prefix containment check in SnippetPreprocessor.get_snippet_path() in pymdownx/snippets.py when `restrict_base_path: True`, allowing markdown snippet directives to read files from sibling paths that share the same base_path prefix, such as docs and docs_int

Manyfold is an open source, self-hosted web application for managing a collection of 3d models, particularly focused on 3d printing. From 0.96.0 until 0.140.0, authenticated users can rename uploaded files with path traversal sequences because app/models/model_file.rb uses the user-controlled filename in File.join(model.path, filename) without sufficient sanitization, allowing files to be moved or

zrok is software for sharing web services, files, and network resources. From 0.4.23 until 2.0.3, `zrok2 copy` stores attacker-controlled WebDAV or zrok drive paths such as /../outside.txt in the source inventory and passes them to FilesystemTarget.WriteStream, allowing the sync pipeline to write files outside the selected local filesystem destination root. This issue is fixed in version 2.0.3.

zrok is software for sharing web services, files, and network resources. Prior to 2.0.3, zrok's Python SDK ProxyShare Flask proxy route accepts an absolute URL in the request path and passes it to urllib.parse.urljoin, allowing the requested path to replace the configured target host and causing requests.request to return a server-side response from an attacker-chosen URL. This issue is fixed in v

A potential path traversal vulnerability was reported in Lenovo App Store, distributed exclusively in the Chinese market, that could allow a local authenticated user to execute arbitrary code.

Manyfold is an open source, self-hosted web application for managing a collection of 3d models, particularly focused on 3d printing. From 0.96.0 until 0.140.0, authenticated users can rename uploaded files with path traversal sequences because app/models/model_file.rb uses the user-controlled filename in File.join(model.path, filename) without sufficient sanitization, allowing files to be moved or

zrok is software for sharing web services, files, and network resources. From 0.4.23 until 2.0.3, `zrok2 copy` stores attacker-controlled WebDAV or zrok drive paths such as /../outside.txt in the source inventory and passes them to FilesystemTarget.WriteStream, allowing the sync pipeline to write files outside the selected local filesystem destination root. This issue is fixed in version 2.0.3.

zrok is software for sharing web services, files, and network resources. Prior to 2.0.3, zrok's Python SDK ProxyShare Flask proxy route accepts an absolute URL in the request path and passes it to urllib.parse.urljoin, allowing the requested path to replace the configured target host and causing requests.request to return a server-side response from an attacker-chosen URL. This issue is fixed in v

Kiota is an OpenAPI based HTTP Client code generator. Prior to 1.32.5, Kiota resolved OpenAPI $ref values by fetching remote http(s) URLs and reading local absolute or out-of-tree file paths, allowing `kiota generate` on an attacker-controlled or attacker-influenced description to perform build-time SSRF, remote file inclusion, and local file inclusion by inlining external schemas such as REMOTE_K

Kiota is an OpenAPI based HTTP Client code generator. Prior to 1.32.5, Kiota emitted x-ms-kiota-info clientClassName and clientNamespaceName values without identifier or path sanitization as both generated client class or namespace names and generated output path components when `kiota generate` ran without -c/--class-name, allowing an attacker-controlled or compromised OpenAPI description to writ

Kiota is an OpenAPI based HTTP Client code generator. Prior to 1.32.5, `kiota plugin add` and `kiota plugin generate` (with `-t APIPlugin`) emitted attacker-controlled static_template.file values from x-ai-adaptive-card and x-ai-capabilities into generated Microsoft 365 Copilot and Teams plugin manifests without path validation, allowing ../, absolute, rooted, UNC, Windows drive, or URI paths in r

Prompty is a markdown file format (.prompty) for LLM prompts. Prior to 2.0.0-beta.2, Prompty loaders expanded ${file:...} references in .prompty frontmatter without enforcing that resolved paths stayed within the prompt directory or allowed roots, allowing an attacker-controlled prompt file to read local files through absolute paths, .. traversal, or symlink escapes. This issue is fixed in version

Kiota is an OpenAPI based HTTP Client code generator. Prior to 1.32.5, Kiota honored a poisoned .kiota/workspace.json workspace configuration without validating per-client or per-plugin outputPath values during kiota client generate and kiota plugin generate, allowing a malicious repository or pull request to use absolute paths, rooted POSIX / paths, UNC \\ or // paths, Windows drive X:\ paths, or

Prompty is a markdown file format (.prompty) for LLM prompts. Prior to 2.0.0-beta.2, Prompty loaders expanded ${file:...} references in .prompty frontmatter without enforcing that resolved paths stayed within the prompt directory or allowed roots, allowing an attacker-controlled prompt file to read local files through absolute paths, .. traversal, or symlink escapes. This issue is fixed in version

Kiota is an OpenAPI based HTTP Client code generator. Prior to 1.32.5, Kiota resolved OpenAPI $ref values by fetching remote http(s) URLs and reading local absolute or out-of-tree file paths, allowing `kiota generate` on an attacker-controlled or attacker-influenced description to perform build-time SSRF, remote file inclusion, and local file inclusion by inlining external schemas such as REMOTE_K

Kiota is an OpenAPI based HTTP Client code generator. Prior to 1.32.5, Kiota emitted x-ms-kiota-info clientClassName and clientNamespaceName values without identifier or path sanitization as both generated client class or namespace names and generated output path components when `kiota generate` ran without -c/--class-name, allowing an attacker-controlled or compromised OpenAPI description to writ

Kiota is an OpenAPI based HTTP Client code generator. Prior to 1.32.5, `kiota plugin add` and `kiota plugin generate` (with `-t APIPlugin`) emitted attacker-controlled static_template.file values from x-ai-adaptive-card and x-ai-capabilities into generated Microsoft 365 Copilot and Teams plugin manifests without path validation, allowing ../, absolute, rooted, UNC, Windows drive, or URI paths in r

Kiota is an OpenAPI based HTTP Client code generator. Prior to 1.32.5, Kiota honored a poisoned .kiota/workspace.json workspace configuration without validating per-client or per-plugin outputPath values during kiota client generate and kiota plugin generate, allowing a malicious repository or pull request to use absolute paths, rooted POSIX / paths, UNC \\ or // paths, Windows drive X:\ paths, or

Wekan is open source kanban built with Meteor. Prior to 9.31, Wekan allows a logged-in board member to insert an attachment document through the /attachments/insert DDP method with attacker-controlled versions.original.path and versions.original.storage fields. The server/permissions/attachments.js insert rule checks only board write access, and FileStoreStrategyFilesystem.getReadStream() in model

Node Version Manager (nvm) is a POSIX-compliant shell function for managing multiple node.js versions. In versions 0.32.1 through 0.40.5, `nvm ls-remote` (and other commands that refresh remote LTS aliases, such as `nvm install --lts`) parse the node.js mirror's `index.tab` and use each release's LTS codename field as an alias filename without validating it. A malicious, compromised, or man-in-the

### Summary The Local REST API's `/vault/{path}` endpoints (GET/PUT/PATCH/POST/DELETE) percent-decode the request path *inside the handler — after* Express has already routed and normalized it, then hand it to the Obsidian vault adapter with no confinement check. A literal `../` is resolved/rejected at the routing layer (→ 404), but `%2F` is not a separator there, so `..%2F..%2F` survives routing

The Gravity Forms plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Directory Traversal in all versions up to, and including, 2.10.4 via the 'gform_uploaded_files' parameter parameter. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to read the contents of arbitrary files on the server, which can contain sensitive information. Exploitation requires the targeted form to not enforce login (so publicly acce

The PackagerResolver of Apache Ivy is able to download online artifacts and to (re)package them in a format defined by a packager.xml file. This repackaging is done by an Ant script, which is stored in a subdirectory of the configured "buildRoot" directory. This subdirectory is calculated based on modules coordinates, like the organisation, name or version. If one of the coordinates contains "../

Node Version Manager (nvm) is a POSIX-compliant shell function for managing multiple node.js versions. In versions 0.32.1 through 0.40.5, `nvm ls-remote` (and other commands that refresh remote LTS aliases, such as `nvm install --lts`) parse the node.js mirror's `index.tab` and use each release's LTS codename field as an alias filename without validating it. A malicious, compromised, or man-in-the