### Summary Two `Net::IMAP` commands, `#id` and `#enable`, do not validate their arguments. Arguments to either command could be used by an attacker to inject arbitrary IMAP commands. Please note that passing untrusted inputs to these commands is usually inappropriate and expected to be uncommon. ### Details When `Net::IMAP#id` is called with a hash argument, although the ID field value strin

### Summary Several Net::IMAP commands accept a raw string argument which is only validated to prevent CRLF injection and then sent verbatim. If this string is derived from user-controlled input, an attacker can force the next command to be absorbed as a continuation of the first command. This will cause the first command to eventually fail, but also prevents it from returning until another com

Several Net::IMAP commands accept a "raw data" argument that is sent verbatim after validation to prevent command injection. However, if a server does not support non-synchronizing literals, it may still be possible to inject arbitrary IMAP commands inside non-synchronizing literals. ### Details Raw data arguments support embedded literal values, both synchronizing and non-synchronizing. Non-s

### Impact Puma is vulnerable to source IP spoofing when `set_remote_address proxy_protocol: :v1` is enabled and persistent connections are used. PROXY protocol v1 is a connection-level protocol. [Support was added to Puma in v5.5.0](https://github.com/puma/puma/issues/2651). A proxy sends one PROXY header at the beginning of a TCP connection, before any HTTP data. Puma incorrectly re-parsed PRO

### Impact [PROXY protocol support for Puma](https://github.com/puma/puma/issues/2651) was added in version 5.5.0. When PROXY protocol v1 support is enabled, Puma reads incoming bytes into an internal buffer. It waits for "\r\n" to determine whether a PROXY v1 line is present. If an attacker opens a TCP connection and continuously sends bytes without CRLF, Puma keeps appending to this pre-parse

### Summary CarrierWave's content_type_denylist check fails to escape regex metacharacters in string entries, causing the denylist to silently not match the content types it is intended to block. **Note**: CarrierWave is aware `#content_type_denylist is deprecated for the security reason`, but it still used by developers, and the problem here isn't denylist allows any filetype, and thats not a v

`JWT.decode(token, '', true, algorithm: 'HS256')` accepts an attacker-forged token. `OpenSSL::HMAC.digest('SHA256', '', payload)` returns a valid digest under an empty key, and no `raise InvalidKeyError if key.empty?` precondition exists in the HMAC algorithm. ``` JWT.decode(token, "", true, algorithm: 'HS256') -> JWA::Hmac.verify(verification_key: "", ...) -> OpenSSL::HMAC.digest('SHA256',

### Summary The system test entrypoint canonicalizes a user-controlled file path with `File.realpath`, then checks whether the resolved path starts with the temp directory path. This is not a safe containment check because sibling directories can share the same string prefix. Severity: Medium; test-route scoped. Example: ```text Allowed base: /app/tmp/view_components Outside path: /app/tmp/v

### Summary The preview route derives an example name from the URL and calls it with `public_send`. The code does not verify that the requested method is one of the preview examples explicitly defined by the preview class. As a result, inherited public methods on `ViewComponent::Preview` are route-reachable. The most important one is `render_with_template`, which accepts `template:` and `locals:

### Impact Admin session cookies were not invalidated when an admin user logged out. An attacker with access to a valid admin session cookie could continue to access admin functionality after logout, until the cookie expired or session secrets were rotated. This affects applications using Koi admin authentication where an admin session cookie may have been exposed, cached, intercepted, or otherw

### Summary The CSS Parser gem does not validate HTTPS connections, allowing a Man-in-the-Middle (MITM) attacker to inject or modify CSS content when stylesheets are loaded via HTTPS. The connection is established with `OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_NONE`, meaning any HTTPS certificate—even entirely untrusted—will be accepted without validation. ### Details In `lib/css_parser/parser.rb`, the HTTP client

GraphQL-Ruby's `max_query_string_tokens` configuration didn't count comment tokens against the limit, allowing strings to be processed even after the configured maximum had actually been reached. In patched versions, the Ruby lexer does count these tokens. GraphQL-CParser is not affected by this problem. `max_query_string_tokens` was introduced in v2.3.1. Each 2.x version has received a new

### Summary Several `Net::IMAP` commands accept a raw string argument that is sent to the server without validation or escaping. If this string is derived from user-controlled input, it may contain contain `CRLF` sequences, which an attacker can use to inject arbitrary IMAP commands. ### Details `Net::IMAP`'s generic argument handling, used by most command arguments, interprets string arguments

### Summary Symbol arguments to commands are vulnerable to a CRLF Injection / IMAP Command injection via Symbol arguments passed to IMAP commands. ### Details Symbol arguments represent IMAP "system flags", which are formatted as "atoms" (with no quoting) with a `"\"` prefix. Vulnerable versions of Net::IMAP sends the symbol name directly to the socket, with no validation. Because the Symbol

### Summary When authenticating a connection with `SCRAM-SHA1` or `SCRAM-SHA256`, a hostile server can perform a computational denial-of-service attack on the client process by sending a big iteration count value. ### Details A hostile IMAP server can send an arbitrarily large PBKDF2 iteration count in the SCRAM server-first-message, causing the client to perform an expensive `OpenSSL::KDF.pbkd

### Summary `Net::IMAP::ResponseReader` has quadratic time complexity when reading large responses containing many string literals. A hostile server can send responses which are crafted to exhaust the client's CPU for a denial of service attack. ### Details For each literal in a response, `ResponseReader` rescans the entire growing response buffer. The regular expression that is used to scan

### Summary A man-in-the-middle attacker can cause `Net::IMAP#starttls` to return "successfully", without starting TLS. ### Details When using `Net::IMAP#starttls` to upgrade a plaintext connection to use TLS, a man-in-the-middle attacker can inject a tagged `OK` response with an easily predictable tag. By sending the response before the client finishes sending the command, the command complet